What is the formal definition of Authorization?

Authorization is formally defined as the process of defining permissions of a resource and object access for a specific identity. This means that once a user's identity has been verified through mechanisms such as authentication, authorization determines what resources the user can access and what actions they can perform on those resources.

In the context of security, this is essential because it establishes the boundaries for users' interactions with systems and data, ensuring that individuals only have access to information and capabilities that align with their roles or responsibilities. This process often involves role-based access control or other models that manage who can do what within a system, thus protecting sensitive data and resources from unauthorized use or modification.

Understanding this distinction is critical in the field of information security, as it highlights the importance of clearly defined access controls in maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of information systems.